A Reflective Report on Interpersonal Management - 1150 Words

A Reflective Report on Interpersonal Management Skills Module Code: 7BSP1010 Course: Interpersonal Management Skills 1 Tutor: Helen MacKinlay Student Name: XU ZHANGYONG Student Number: 13030219 Words: 1046 December 26th 2014 The purposes of this essay is to analyse the improtances of Interpersonal management skills for successful management, and to reflect on a verbal interpersonal cultural based difference people have personally experienced and how develop the cross cultural awareness for more effective management. Interpersonal management skills for successful management In the last decade, with the fast development of the business in the world, the interpersonal management skills have become important increasingly both†¦show more content†¦Therefore, developing the self-management skills also should be paid more attention. Verbal interpersonal cultural Cross cultural awareness In modern society, interpersonal communications refer to communication betwee two or more people. Meanwhile the verbal interpersonal communication is one of the major element for interpersonal communication, such as sounds and word choice, and it is the oral, spoken and unwritten way of the communication (Beebe, 2002). During the process of communication, most people will meet the situattion about the cross-cultural. cross-cultural can be defined as the interaction and comparison of different cultures (Beebe, 2002). Therefore, the verbal interpersonal communication and cross cultural awareness will be useful. In the following, I will reflect on the verbal interpersonal cultural based my experience and analyse how to develop cross cultural awareness. Due to the cultural differences, some people who come from different counties will often have some misunderstanding in the team work or cooperation. I also meet this kind of problems in the presentation’s teamwork. In the process of cooperation, we have a lots of verbal communication, while some questions have different means for us. For example, â€Å"where are you going?† and â€Å"do you eat dinner?†, all of these questions are just greetings, but for my team members, these questions are their privacy. Thus, theseShow MoreRelatedReflection On The Business Management Module And Internship Experience By Designing Gibbs Reflective Cycle979 Words   |  4 Pagesprovide self-reflections on the business management module and internship experience by incorporating Gibbs reflective cycle. Moreover, this essay also highlighted improvement in skills by getting enrolled in this module. With the intention to make the process of learning updated it is better to rely on the framework proposed by Gibbs (1998) which has mentioned below: Figure 1: Gibb s Reflective Cycle (Gibbs, 1988) Referring to the model of Gibbs reflective cycle, the essay first described the goodRead MoreGibbs Reflective Cycle In Nursing1510 Words   |  7 PagesNursing management is challenging as it includes functions of leadership like planning, organizing, decision making and directing the nursing staff in a proper direction. While working as a nursing manger, manager encounter various issues in daily basis which needs to be solved. Critical thinking for the analysis of those issues is very important through which a solution to a problem is possible. Generally, it’s a human nature that they do not accept their mistakes and try to blame other. ThereforeRead MoreServant Leadership Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesskills and behavior of hundreds of employees down the line. Major change relies on the ability and attitudes of mid-level and frontline mangers (Katzenbach, 1996, p150). This report will make a few observations of the strengths and weaknesses of servant leadership, and the effectiveness in organizational change. The report will also articulate the characteristics of servant leadership, and how this style affects organizational change. Effective Leadership Effective leaders strengthen the effort-to-performanceRead MoreEXECUTIVE SUMMARY We were tasked with critically evaluating our organisation’s performance system700 Words   |  3 Pagesimprove its employee performance. We started off by defining and then discussing what a Performance Management System (PMS) is. Then we discussed why we need this system and what the organisation can do with information/ results drawn from the system .We also showed that implementing such a system is not easy as there can be hindrances to implementing it such as political, organisational, interpersonal hindrances as well as biases. We then discussed in detail the different approaches which can be usedRead MoreReflective Portfolio Of Skills Development Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesReflective portfolio of skills development 1. Introduction This report would analyse the skills developed throughout the MA in Personnel and Development Programme in LJMU. The learning process would be contextualised using literature from adult learning theory to analyse and write a critical reflection that demonstrates reporters’ competence in specific areas. Three broad areas would be covered in doing so. Firstly, learning process of self-management (of this report writer) would be explored focusingRead MoreEvaluation Of The Project Process Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesReflective Report for â€Å"NannyMatch† Gina Balbido Ocampo â€Æ' Table of Contents I. Introduction/Overview 2 II. Evaluation of the project process 2 III. Evaluation of interaction of theory/practice 3 IV. Evaluation of academic/intellectual skills 4 V. Evaluation of interpersonal skills 4 I. Introduction/Overview The purpose of this report is to reflect on the experience of creating the business plan and to express my thoughts and reactions to the process. This report will detail the evaluation ofRead MoreImportance Of Reflection1482 Words   |  6 Pagescontinuous learning as well as personal and professional development. This can include the process of reflective writing as a means of capturing the thought and experiences (Ghaye,1998). A significant relationship is found between reflective writing and academic learning, as one can identify the need for self-development, critical review, awareness of individual functions and decisions. Reflective writing is valuable for students to identify their role when working with others (Anne Sen, 2010). 1Read MoreThe Attributes of a Registered Nurse807 Words   |  3 Pagescombination of key attributes when providing care, because these attributes play a significant role in enhancing positive outcomes, not only for the patients in their care but also the practitioner and the organisation. Nurses require sound time-management skills and an effective communication approach in order to improve the provision of healthcare. Nurses often perform a leadership role in hands-on patient care, which involves providing patient care in different contexts to improve health outcomesRead MoreCritical Factors For Managing And Developing People Based On My Own Experiences Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The aim of this reflective report is to identify the critical factors for managing and developing people based on my own experiences in reality. I am going to use David Kolb’s learning cycle, which are concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation(Kolb, 1984). To begin with, several relevant experiences will be described. In the middle, to identify the theories, concepts and models applied on my experiences and analyze what thoseRead MoreComparing The Eq I And The Strong Interest Inventory Assessments1733 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain their academic and personal strengths and weaknesses and how they pertain to their everyday life. The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) was developed to assess the Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence. The EQ-i is a self-report measure that calculates numbers relating to composite scales of Emotional Intelligence (EI). EI is a combination of emotional and social aptitudes that decide how well express and understand ourselves, understand and relate to those around us, and

The Reveal of Society in Lord of the Flies by William...

The Reveal of Society in Lord of the Flies by William Golding What is Golding telling us about society in Lord of the Flies? William Golding is trying to show savagery through the children in this novel. He is telling us that anybody could have a savage side to themselves and it is how you control the savagery in yourself. In the first few chapters, the first point made is that there is a sense of normality and civility in the beginning that is occurring. Firstly the boys make one of the first rules which is to call assemblies with the conch and whoever is holding the conch can speak without interruption, ‘We can use this to call the others. Have a meeting. They’ll come when they hear us’.†¦show more content†¦This shows that they are not sticking to their rules and keep breaking them. Towards the end of chapter five, Ralph has had enough and he can’t take much more of what is going on. He says, ‘If only they could get a message to us, if only they could send us something grown–up†¦ a sign or something’. Earlier on in this chapter, the boys start to think there is some kind of beast that is haunting them and they are frightened of it, especially the little ones. This shows that the civility is slowly fading away and savagery is taking its place. In the sixth chapter, Ralphs prayers of having someone grown–up is answered but the grown–up is dead and is parachuted down to the island. The boys think it is the beast. Samneric see the parachutist and say, ‘We saw the beast’, but the boys soon realise the, ‘ beast’ was a parachutist and starts to think it is something else. In the seventh chapter, there is more savagery than civility as the boys try to imitate them killing a pig using Robert as the pig and stabbing him with spears until they hurt him. The tension between Jack and Ralph is growing, ‘Ralph heard the mockery and hated Jack’. This shows the hatred is growing and they are not working well as a group. The fear of the beast in the boys and a lack of society is stopping them working together as a group. In the eighth chapter, Jack’s tribeShow MoreRelatedLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreGood Versus Evil in Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved that we were civilized, intelligent, and logical life forms for these very reasons. In the novel, Lord of the Flies by William Golding there is a prominent theme of good versus evil which reveals that maybe humans are not the civilized human beings that they were said to be. William Golding carefully netted this theme with his utilization of literary device such as his symbolism. Golding uses this simple story of E nglish boys stranded on an inhabited island to illustrate how destructive humansRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1200 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own in an area without rules. The human race will fall apart without a set of rules that apply to them. When left on its own, and given an opportunity, human nature will revert back to the inherent savagery that lies within. In the book Lord of the Flies a British plane crashes on a deserted island in the middle of nowhere. The only survivors are a group of boys, and without any adults, the kids are left to fend and govern for themselves. Throughout the rest of the book, groups start to formRead MoreWilliam Goldings View of Humanity1383 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Goldings View of Humanity Taking a post at the Maidstone Grammar School for boys and joining the Royal Navy, gave Golding his understanding of boys and cynical view of the war. William Golding says, the theme (of the book) is an attempt to trace back the defects of society to the defects of human nature... Goldings view of humanity is clearly displayed throughout Lord of the Flies. Through the constant symbolism we are made aware of Goldings pessimism towardsRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1456 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve that a correct government can make a strong society. However, these philosophers do not agree on what form of government is the most â€Å"correct†. English philosopher John Locke believed that Man is inherently moral and that the purpose for government is to grant the fundamental rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to its people. Another philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, however, held the belief that mankind is naturally evil and that society needs an absolute central authority to containRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Lord of the Flies is still a Blueprint for Savagery by Eleanor Learmonth and Jenny Tabakoff, the words â€Å"I’m afraid. Of us† first appeared in Golding’s novel 60 years ago. Lord of the Flies by William Golding follows a group of schoolboys trapped on an island after a plane crash during a world war. At the beginning, they celebrate as they have total autonomy as there are no adults around. They attempt to establish a civilization but when order collapses, they go on a journey from civilizationRead MoreMichelle Duan Mrs. MJ English 10 H, per. 3 13 February 2014 A Symbol’s Worth a Thousand1500 Words   |  6 Pagesbeneath. Such is the nature of the symbols found in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. As a group of boys stranded on an island struggle to survive without adult supervision to maintain order, Golding uses a variety of objects to convey their descent from civilization into brutality, violence, and savagery. Of these objects, three hold particular significance. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the conch, the signal fire, and the Lord of the Flies to symbolize civilization, hope for rescue, and innerRead MoreWilliam Goldings Lord of the Flies: A Review1479 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the flies is anything but an easy book to digest. It comes upon the reader like a heavy meal on a suffocating summers day. The main idea is fairly simple actually: a group of children stranded on an isolated island are trying to reenact the norms of the society they used to live in before their arrival on the island. Gradually, thing s descend more violently with the children looking to kill the beast that lives in the heart of the jungle. What they are unable to realize though is that theRead MoreThe Cost Of Free Will1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions and to purposefully chose between right and wrong. Character is defined by the actions of humanity including their ability to choose, and take accountability for such choices. Within Harper Lee s To Kill a Mockingbird and William Golding s Lord of the Flies, the authors explore the essence of free will and its ramification amongst both good and bad characters. Humanity is ultimately born with sin, but is not bound by it. Free will elevates humans beyond their primitive state. In To KillRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1044 Words   |  5 PagesSimilar to most literary classics, William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies contains allusions to the Christian Bible and character archetypes that convey universal ideas. Golding’s story focuses on a group of British schoolboys who are stranded on an island and ultimately succumb to their innate savage tendencies. Literary analysts often compare components of Lord of the Flies to various aspects in the Christian Bible. For instance, the setting in Lord of the Flies is often linked to the Garden of

The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay Free Essays

string(274) " cognition with foundational experience, a sense of community, the application of larning to the real-world ; and motive on the portion of the scholar \( Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, A ; Stevens, 2012 ; Jackson, Jones, A ; Rodriguez, 2010 ; Pelz, 2010 \) \." Following the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 ( NCLB ) and the Persons with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 ( IDEIA ) , pedagogues could no longer merely believe about implementing research-based instruction schemes. These Torahs clearly mandated practicians must utilize theory and research to supply grounds that learning methods lead to improved educational results ( Slocum, Spencer, A ; Detrich, 2012 ) . Initially rooted in the health care professions, evidence-based pattern ( EBP ) has been adopted by many professions to heighten the practician ‘s ability to be a protagonist of research, usher determinations, and turn to the research-to-practice spread ( Biesta, 2010 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A long battle in many subjects continues to be related to the disparity between the methodological analysiss supported in research and what is implemented in existent pattern ( Gall, Gall, A ; Borg, 2007 ) . This on-going division between practicians and research workers, every bit good as theoreticians and policy-makers, has been recognized, nevertheless, despite the increasing sum of research being done, small has been accomplished towards happening declaration. Researchers assert the consequences of probes are non good understood on the portion of the practician ( Spencer, Detrich, A ; Slocum, 2012 ) . In contrast, practicians appear to believe the research may non be applicable or existent universe to their field. In add-on, the consequences of research may non be readily available in pattern related diaries ( Torres, Farley, A ; Cooke, 2012 ) . EBP in instruction and other subjects has been met with the inquiry of whether there is truly a new manner of practising or merely another manner of picturing what has ever been considered standard process. In seeking to contract the research pattern spread in healthcare professions, the usage of EBP is a direct result for a call for client safety. This could use every bit good to instruction related to bettering scholar results ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . In healthcare professions, the Institute of Medicine ( IOM, 2011 ) , has described EBP as a decision-making procedure, incorporating the best research support with clinical expertness. For the practician, this should affect turn uping superior external grounds to reply inquiries. Unfortunately, the huge bulk of practicians rely chiefly on their more experient co-workers for way or go on on the same pattern way because that is the manner it has ever been done ( Benner, Sutphen, Leonard, A ; Day, 2010 ; Langer A ; Langer, 2009 ) . Either of these methods may take to inaccuracies when non supported by research based grounds and most likely consequence in hapless results ( Langer A ; Langer, 2009 ) . If the outlook is practicians are to do determinations based on grounds, so the grounds must be relevant, of high quality, applicable, and readily available ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . Although the measure of instruction related research has increased since NCLB was enacted, there are few surveies which incorporate precise design processes, such as randomized controlled tests. As a consequence, many practicians find small choice grounds to back up their determination devising ( Butler A ; Schnellert, 2010 ) . As the EBP motion continues, practicians, research workers, and policymakers are being encouraged to go occupied and collaborate ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . Research workers need to seek pedagogue parts in order to turn to pattern related issues. In add-on, supplying consequences of research to practicians in a manner that is clearly understood, more easy accessible, and promote serviceability would lend to contracting the research pattern spread ( Butler A ; Schnellert, 2008 ) . The execution of resources, such as What Works Clearinghouse ( WWW, 2002 ) , enables practicians, research workers, and policymakers to link. WWW provides strictly designed research for EBP determinations and intervention intercessions. Through the usage of these sites, the practician is able to happen information rapidly without holding to seek through big databases. The execution of EBP in the educational sphere is non optional. The literature indicates there is non a deficiency of grounds, but instead a deficiency of execution ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . With the research pattern spread averaging 17 old ages, practicians and research workers must travel the grounds into action ( Spencer et al. , 2012 ) . At the higher instruction degree, instructors must pattern the importance of theory, grounds, and research to their pupils. Many pupils do non understand theory and merely like practicians, find it hard to border for many of the same grounds ( Slocum et al. , 2012 ) . If EBP is to be to the full implemented and the research pattern spread reduced, non merely must practicians and research workers work together, practicians and the practicians of the hereafter must work to understand, use, and visualise the benefits of research. Constructivist Theory Constructivist attacks to larning hold traditionally been emphasized in higher instruction and are soon considered to be the most normally accepted theoretical account by pedagogues ( Hoic-Bozic, Mornar, A ; Boticki, 2009 ; Hussain, 2012 ) . Learning is viewed as an active procedure in which old cognition is believed to be foundational ( Holly, Legg, Mueller, A ; Adelman, 2008 ; Makgato, 2012 ) . The implicit in rule of constructivism is that the scholar is considered a complete person at a societal, cognitive, and affectional degree, which is thought to enrich and intensify the acquisition procedure ( Hrastinski, 2009 ; Ke, 2010 ) . The growing of online and blended class work continues to be important with the bulk of enrolled pupils being of the grownup population ( Allen A ; Seaman, 2011 ) . Within distance instruction acquisition, much research has been influenced by constructivist and societal acquisition theories ( Hrastinski, 2009 ; Legg, Adelman, Mueller, A ; Levitt, 2009 ; Makgato, 2012 ) . Despite the volume of research related to online acquisition, there has non been an grownup larning theory, which educators can or will subscribe to, to drive pattern and steer farther research ( Minter, 2011 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . The six most ideal features which contribute to successful online acquisition are discussed in the literature ( Cercone, 2008 ) . These properties are: a strong relationship between the pupil and the facilitator/instructor, an engaging and collaborative student-to-student connexion, the necessity of contemplation on the portion of the pupil in order to associate new cognition with foundational experience, a sense of community, the application of larning to the real-world ; and motive on the portion of the scholar ( Boling, Hough, Krinsky, Saleem, A ; Stevens, 2012 ; Jackson, Jones, A ; Rodriguez, 2010 ; Pelz, 2010 ) . You read "The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Although all of these features are of import, the edifice of community is considered the critical constituent ( Garrison, 2011 ; Palloff A ; Pratt, 2011 ) . The success of developing, implementing, and keeping community really frequently leads to the other properties bein g effectual every bit good ( Garrison, 2011 ; Ruey, 2010 ) . Research related to pupil acquisition and the development of community indicates a positive relationship ( Boling et al. , 2012 ; Hussain, 2012 ) . A survey based on appraising pupils sing their experiences within an on-line community and class public presentation indicated 85 % found the community experience to be positive, which enhanced their acquisition ( Vesely, Bloom, A ; Sherlock, 2007 ) . Two extra surveies that were focused on perceptual experiences and attitudes of on-line pupils showed a important connexion between scholar satisfaction, pupil interaction, and community and cognition acquisition ( Liu, Magjuka, Bonk, A ; Lee, 2007 ; Sadera, Robertson, Song, A ; Midon, 2009 ) . Although the research related to online community development is converting, those in distance instruction contend that in order to achieve deep acquisition, accessing content online and learner interaction is non sufficient ( Garrison, 2009 ; Ke A ; Xie, 2009 ) . The accent must be about developing quality larning results ( Ke A ; Xie, 2009 ) . It is believed the best attack to carry throughing this is through the design of collaborative extremely engaged acquisition communities ( Garrison, 2009 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Although people glean intending from personal contemplation and critical thought, the duologue which takes topographic point in groups of scholars is what creates cognition ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ; Garrison, 2011 ) . Online acquisition in the twentieth century was chiefly focused on bridging the physical sweep for those pupils who had restricted entree to instruction ( Garrison 2009 ) . The focal point is now switching to issues related to learning and larning online, engineering, and bettering the anytime-anywhere agencies of interaction. Although these are of import issues, unluckily, they remain geared to the independent pupil instead than to the whole of a community of scholars ( Akyol, Garrison, A ; Ozden, 2009 ) . Over the last decennary there have been many theoretical parts to the online acquisition subject. Each has reflected patterned advance towards bettering the instruction and acquisition rules ( Garrison, 2011 ) . The inquiry practicians and decision makers are faced with is whether the theories that have been developed antecedently, supply the foundation for traveling on-line larning into the twenty-first century and will these theories support the immense alterations happening with current and future engineering ( Akyol A ; Garrison, 2008 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Application of Constructivist Theory: The Community of Inquiry Model The pedagogical every bit good as technological developments are clearly altering the landscape of higher instruction and online acquisition appears to be at the head ( Akyol A ; Garrison, 2008 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Administrators and module must acknowledge those pupils in the higher instruction system today require readying to last in a twenty-first century work force. Current learning methodological analysiss no longer run into the demands of today ‘s scholars and with the call for educational reform, redesign of larning experiences is indispensable. The following of import measure in traveling frontward is the finding of a theoretical model to steer pattern and research in order to supply meaningful larning results every bit good as critical thought ( Garrison, 2011 ; Ke, 2010 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . The Community of Inquiry ( CoI ) is a dynamic model built on constructivism and societal acquisition with theoretical foundations from Dewey, Vygotsky, and Bruner ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2000, 2010 ; Garrison, 2009 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Developed by Garrison, Anderson, and Archer ( 2000 ) to back up online acquisition pattern and research, the focal point of this model is that successful online acquisition requires knowledge constructing based on the development of community ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Within higher instruction scenes, CoI assesses effectivity of online course of study by three nucleus constituents: ( a ) societal presence, ( B ) cognitive presence, and ( degree Celsius ) learning presence ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ) . These three elements intersect with each other to add to the on-line educational experience as represented in Figure 1. Garrison ( 2011 ) described presence as consciousness or a sense of being that is influenced by learner-facilitator and learner-learner interpersonal communications. Essential to every portion of life is the construct of community. Unfortunately, many are of the belief that larning in conventional on-line coursework is in isolation and hence the construct of community is thought of as major failing ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) . Over a decennary has passed since Garrison et Al. ( 2000 ) developed the CoI model. Research utilizing this theoretical account has been extended and appears to formalize the nucleus constituents of societal, cognitive, and learning presence ( Arbaugh, 2007, 2008 ; Kanuka, Rourke, A ; Laflamme, 2007 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Significant, cross-institutional surveies have shown the stableness of the CoI theoretical account ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . The challenge for research workers wanting to utilize the CoI model has been the deficiency of a common instrument to operationalize the theoretical account in order to mensurate the three presences in an online scene ( Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2009 ; Swan et al. , 2008 ) . In 2007, the CoI Questionnaire ( CoIQ ) was developed and tested in a multiinstitutional survey ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 ; Swan et al. , 2008 ) . This 34-question Likert study was administered to 287 online alumnus pupils with consequences back uping its usage as a valid instrument. Cronbach ‘s alpha indicated 0.91 for societal presence, 0.95 for cognitive presence, and 0.94 for learning presence ( Arbaugh et al. , 2008 ) . The usage of the CoI study provides research workers with a consistent means to analyze the elements of CoI as related to instruction, and acquisition, every bit good as keeping in on-line instruction ( Garrison, 2011 ) . Bangert ( 2009 ) supported the cogency of the CoI study instrument by look intoing both undergraduate and graduate pupils ( N = 1173 ) in to the full on-line and blended categories. Analysis of study responses were consistent with the three CoI elements. Consequences of this survey indicated the study is an appropriate tool for pull offing the development and execution of on-line class work ( Bangert, 2009 ) . The constructs of societal presence. Social presence is defined as the degree in which the scholar feels connected to other members both socially and emotionally within an on-line scene ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) . The ability of scholars to place with each other online is by and large through the usage of asynchronous text. Although this method lacks any sense of gestural communicating and immediateness, both of which build societal presence, pedagogues are frequently challenged by this type of exchange ( Garrison, 2011 ; Shea A ; Bidjerano, 2010 ) . Garrison and Arbaugh ( 2007 ) noted that the usage of text is frequently more valuable in easing the accomplishment of critical thought. Once societal presence has been established, Akyol and Garrison ( 2008 ) noted cognitive presence is besides enhanced. In contrast to this research, nevertheless, Jahng, Nielsen, and Chan ( 2010 ) studied 12 online alumnus pupils, reasoning that a lessened cognitive interaction occurred when societal communications were increased. This result indicated unneeded clip related to class debuts may good be uneffective as a portion of community development ( Garrison, 2011 ; Shea, Hayes, A ; Vickers, 2010 ) . Social presence has besides been linked to student perceived acquisition and concluding class classs ( Akyol A ; Garrison, 2008 ; Caspi A ; Blau, 2008 ) . Extra support for the credence of a theoretical account for on-line acquisition is related to keeping as abrasion rates are significantly higher than those of on-ground categories ( Boston et al. , 2009 ; Garrison, 2011 ) . A survey of undergraduate on-line pupils ( N = 28,877 ) utilizing the CoI study resulted with the indicant of a important relationship between pupil keeping and societal presence ( Boston et al. , 2009 ) . The constructs of cognitive presence. Cognitive presence describes the grade in which scholars construct cognition through take parting in critical reflective thought and treatment ( Garrison, 2009, 2011 ) . Considered an indispensable constituent of critical thought, cognitive presence is designed within a social-constructivism point of view ( Shea A ; Garrison, 2008 ) . Cognitive presence has been operationalized through the Practical Inquiry ( PI ) theoretical account that involves four phases: ( a ) the triping event, ( B ) geographic expedition, ( degree Celsius ) integrating, and ( vitamin D ) declaration ( Garrison, Anderson A ; Archer, 2010 ) . The CoI model supposes that the scholar progresses through each stage of the PI enquiry as reflected in Figure 2 ( Garrison, 2007 ) . In add-on, this procedure requires enhanced learning presence and is often influenced by the societal presence of the group ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ) . Bai ( 2009 ) noted that many scholars do non clearly understand the necessity for prosecuting in and bring forthing grounds of critical thought in on-line treatment forums. A survey of on-line alumnus pupils in an educational engineering class comparing pupils in the autumn to those in spring was conducted by Bai ( 2009 ) . Fall pupils were provided with a rubric bespeaking the figure of needed stations, due day of the months, suggestions to include outside resources and how to entree forums while the spring group was given a usher utilizing the PI theoretical account with the four phases as classs, including features of each and the accent was on critical thought ( Bai, 2009 ) . Study consequences indicated more than half of the togss in both groups ne’er advanced further than the geographic expedition or brainstorming stage ( Bai, 2009 ) . Those pupils in the spring group, who had been provided the PI theoretical account posting usher, demonstrated higher degrees of interaction and critical thought as compared to those in the autumn group ( Bai, 2009 ) . Arbaugh ( 2007 ) noted cognitive presence is the most hard component for pedagogues to accomplish online. Studies indicated this construct appears to be more related with design, facilitation, and way in relation to learning presence ( Bai, 2009 ; Swan et al. , 2008 ) . The most of import demand in making cognitive presence relates to the facilitator who builds treatment, proctors discourse, and guides scholars to critically believe ( Garrison et al. , 2010 ) . The constructs of learning presence. The 3rd component of CoI is learning presence. The focal point of this construct is on instructional design, facilitation, and the sharing and staging of content by the teacher ( Garrison, 2009 ; Garrison et al. , 2010 ) . Teaching presence is considered critical to the full procedure as it is seen as important in relation to class satisfaction, a feeling of community, and the perceptual experience of acquisition by the pupil ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ) . A clear apprehension of the kineticss related to the presences is needed if a collaborative CoI is to be created and sustained ( Akyol A ; Garrison, 2008, Garrison, Anderson A ; Archer, 2010 ) . In add-on, it must be noted that learning presence is an integrative construct, which brings cognitive and societal presences together ( Garrison et al. , 2010 ) . The function of the pedagogue in an on-line CoI encompasses three primary constituents: ( a ) class instructional design and organisation, ( B ) facilitation of treatment, and ( degree Celsius ) direct direction ( Nagel A ; Kotze, 2010 ) . Teaching presence online is about keeping balance wherein the teacher ushers and theoretical accounts for the scholar ( Shea et al. , 2010 ) . Once pupils begin to take duty for their acquisition and collaborate every bit good as comprehend content, balance occurs ( Garrison, Anderson A ; Archer, 2010 ) . Research clearly indicated learning presence influences the success and satisfaction of online scholars ( Arbaugh, 2008 ; Abdous A ; Yen, 2010, Ke, 2010 ) . Baker ( 2010 ) explored how educator presence and immediateness relates to student motive, knowledge, and affectional acquisition. Undergraduate and alumnus online pupils ( N = 699 ) were surveyed and consequences indicated a positive, but non a statistically important relationship between pupil motive, knowledge, and affectional acquisition, and pedagogue immediateness ( Baker, 2010 ) . Educator presence, nevertheless, was a important forecaster of these three features ( Baker, 2010 ) . CoI Critique Over the past 10 old ages a considerable sum of research has been accomplished specifically related to each of the single CoI elements ( Garrison, 2011 ; Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ; Lowenthal, Lowenthal, A ; White, 2009 ) . More late, research workers have begun to utilize the full CoI model to steer online acquisition pattern and future research ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Although reappraisal of research indicated the CoI model is valuable in analyzing online acquisition ( Garrison A ; Arbaugh, 2007 ; Garrison, 2011 ) , others contended there is small grounds the model provides meaningful larning experiences ( Rourke A ; Kanuka, 2009 ) . Between 2000 and 2008, Rourke and Kanuka ( 2009 ) reviewed literature citing the CoI model. Actual class informations had been examined in merely 48 of the 252 diary articles found. Merely five articles had involved geographic expedition of pupil larning perceptual experiences, which had been reported as a measuring of pupil acquisition. This determination resulted in Rourke and Kanuka ( 2009 ) reasoning CoI research had failed to research the averment that the model comprised of societal, cognitive, and learning presences influenced larning results. Reacting to this reappraisal, Akyol et Al. ( 2009 ) emphasized the CoI was presented as a cognition edifice larning procedure theoretical account based on social-constructivism theory merely. Arbaugh ( 2008 ) noted CoI research indicated societal, cognitive, and learning presences are clearly related to student perceptual experiences of larning. What remains in inquiry is whether there is a true association between meaningful acquisition and pupil ‘s perceptual experiences of acquisition ( Rourke A ; Kanuka, 2009 ) . In reexamining the literature, there are evident spreads between the CoI presences and larning results. Research has non validated deep acquisition as the unequivocal consequence of the on-line interactions between pupils, content, and facilitator/instructor. The research related to CoI lacks probe of the discrepancies that may be within academic subjects and the impact this may hold on the presences ( Smith, Heindel, A ; Torres-Ayala, 2008 ) . There is the possibility that much of the research reports merely on single classs instead than several classs and/or a plan. Lowenthal et Al. ( 2009 ) noted there was a strong possibility that differences existed due to the fact that pedagogues and scholars belong to distinctive pattern communities. Additionally, learner engagement in a community may be hard due to linguistic communication every bit good as literacy issues as many subjects have their ain linguistic communication, for illustration, medical specialty, nursing, and jurisprudenc e ( Smith et al. , 2008 ) . Recently, Carlon et Al. ( 2012 ) studied 330 undergraduate and alumnus pupils from subjects such as physical therapy ( n=32 ) , nursing ( n=274 ) , and healthcare direction ( n=24 ) utilizing the CoI Survey. Across the subjects, consequences indicated there was no difference in learning presence ; nevertheless, there was a statistically important difference within nursing in the societal and cognitive presence as compared to the other subjects. This survey indicated support for the findings of Shea and Bidjerano ‘s research ( 2009 ) . The design, development, and bringing of an on-line class can besides impact the three presences ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Whether a class is developed by an teacher, a group of teachers, or an instructional interior decorator, it will impact presence every bit good as the type of scholar activities developed for the class ( Lowenthal et al. , 2009 ) . Lowenthal et Al. ( 2009 ) noted these issues are seldom considered in the design and development stages. A New Presence: Learning Shea, Hayes, and Vickers ( 2010 ) discovered that a significant sum of learning presence occurred outside the on-line treatment forum ; this came in the signifier of electronic mails, messages, and private pupil booklets which were non included in old surveies. The consequences indicated that although all efforts to enter instruction, societal, and cognitive presence online, there was a presence which could non be coded. Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) reviewed 56 surveies which had involved learner self-regulation elements. The research workers concluded on-line scholars were self-regulating to run into class ends and this did non suit within the current CoI theoretical account ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Because online acquisition requires a great trade of autonomy on the portion of the scholar, Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) noted that this spread would necessitate to be addressed. The current CoI implies societal presence occurs in isolation and learning presence fails to take pupil parts into consideration. Shea et Al. ( 2012 ) recommended accounting for these failings by suggesting a revised theoretical account that would include parts from both the instructor and pupil every bit good as emphasize socio-cognitive acquisition ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Decision The CoI model is considered one of the rule theoretical accounts steering research in online higher instruction ( Shea et al. , 2010 ) . Concentrating on the development of the online community, learner cognition is noted as the consequence of collaborative attempt ( Garrison, Anderson, A ; Archer, 2010 ) . Most of the research utilizing CoI has been limited to the survey of on-line treatments ; nevertheless, this is spread outing to scrutiny of full online and blended classs ( Garrison et al. , 2010 ; Shea et al. , 2012 ) . Although there are acknowledged failings in the CoI theoretical account, research workers continue to research this model with the end of developing a more comprehensive theoretical account and look intoing full classs for the three presences at the same time ( Shea et al. , 2012 ) . The most recent published survey has linked the Quality Matters ( QM ) peer reappraisal plan with CoI ( Swan, Matthews, Bogle, Boles, A ; Day, 2012 ) . Research workers used the QM and CoI models to redesign an on-line alumnus class associating design, execution, and learner results for the first clip ( Swan et al. , 2012 ) . Initial findings in this on-going probe indicated QM and CoI class alterations can be connected to improved acquisition results. Future probes will find if these two models will work in subjects other than instruction ( Swan et al. , 2012 ) . How to cite The Application Of Constructivist Theory Education Essay, Essay examples

Comparison of Drama Poetry of Elizabethan Essay Example For Students

Comparison of Drama Poetry of Elizabethan Essay Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry, but both poetry and drama were earmarked by Italian influence, which was dominated in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The period from 1660 to 1700 is known as the Restoration period or the Age of Dryden. Dryden was the representative writer of this period. The restoration of King Charles II in 1660 marks the beginning of a new era both in the life and the literature of England. The beginning of the Restoration began the process of social transformation. The atmosphere of gaiety and cheerfulness, of licentiousness and moral laxity was restored. The theatres were reopened. There was a stern reaction against the morality of the Puritans. Morality was on the wane. There was laxity everywhere in life. All these tendencies of the age are clearly reflected in the literature of the period. During this period there was a rapid development of science. The establishment of the Royal Society was a landmark in history of England. The interest in science began to grow. The growing interest in science resulted in the beginning of rational inquiry and scientific and objective outlook. Objectivity, rationality and intellectual quality also enlivened the literature of this period. The literature of the Restoration period marked the complete breaking of ties with the Elizabethan literature. At the Restoration the break with the past was almost absolute. It involved the English literature in the deepest degree, subject and style took on a new spirit and outlook, a different attitude and aim. Hence the Restoration period is often set up as the converse and antithesis of the previous Elizabethan age. It is called classical, is opposed to the Elizabethan romanticism. It is a commonplace of criticism that the Elizabethan age is creative, the Restoration critical. Elizabethan drama is spontaneous and original; Restoration drama is artificial and imitative. Elizabethan comedy at its height is creative; Restoration comedy at its best is imitative of the fashions and follies of the beau monde. The Elizabethans are fond of blending tragedy with comedy; the Restoration playwrights usually inclined to separate them. Though the contrast between the two epochs need not be over- emphasized, yet the differences are very great. Let us compare and contrast the drama and poetry of these two ages. DRAMA First of all, we will talk about Shakespearean dramas to expose Elizabethan age. In the Elizabethan age, Shakespearean dramatic genius is considered incomparable. Intensity of emotion, interest in man, a sense of the earth in relation to the universe and rich poetic expressions have made the tragic art of Shakespeare fundamentally the same in spirit as the tragedy of Sophocles enlarged in scope. His four great Comparison of age with that By should The Liberation age( history of English literature this age the tremendous Im from exploration of the action finds its best express Shakespeare, Johnson and prose works, It ;s essential) permeated by Italian Influx Restoration period AR the period. The restoration of K horn in the life and ere liter he process of social transfix licentiousness and Lordly la a stern reaction against the was laxity everwinner in lift the literature of the period. Science. The establishment The Interest ;n science begin beginning of rational Inquire rationality and intellectual literature of the Restoration absolute. It involved the En: took on a nee spirit and owe period is often set up as HTH It Is called classical, is poop of criticism that the Elizabeth drama is spontaneous and Elizabethan governed at its h imitative of the fashions an blending tragedy with come separate their Though the emphasized, yet the differ ram ant poetry of these First of all, we will talk AIBO the Elizabethan age, Shake: Intensity tot emotion. Inter: ant rich poetic expressions the same in spirit as the tar tragedies are possibly greater achievements than anything Greeks. His trails and ore which are reflected in the EAI clearly the difficulties in the attainment of that tragic art. Admiration for any character is absent. He created here lyrical drama. There is no stress on the fatal flaw in peers the blind workings of chance or fortune take the place of perfection of ease, Richard II wants essential majesty alt goal of his tragic art. Although Julius Caesar was written maturity. It fails to find adequate adjustment of plot and dramas, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and Lear, Shakespeare which were displayed in his early attempts. In his mature finally expressed. Aristotle pity and terror are given full relation to the vast universe of which the earth is but on here even while man, by his own errors, moves to distaste of spirit, rises to unexpected heights. His tragedies derive manner in which he suggests in his human actions the o these tragedies the theme moves on three planes concur view they give us the sense of a whole people being involve he main character; from still another they show the .NET movement of the basis human conflict. Macbeth kills Du inevitable consequence; his whole kingdom is drowned nature leaves quality and kind in sympathetic disorder. Tragedies, there is the passion which wrought the plot co tragedy of the Greeks and the villain-tragedy of the Elise are the psychological tragedies of their own kind. In media is quite different. The medieval idea of the pagan deity o conception of good and evil like that of the Moralities sat classical conception of the struggle between the individual regarded, there are enormous varieties of incidents, the comic , and admission of horrors, deaths spectacles. The tragedy was attempted by the master-hand of Shakespeare philosophers that in tragedy there is some sort of collision there is conflict of feelings, modes of thoughts, desire, will conflict of persons with one another or with circumstance Hamlet is analyses, the play becomes a study in the pass of Hamlet emerges from the disharmony that comes to r passion of grief is dominant through and through. The WI disperses itself and impairs the will and faith is sundered and loving disposition is chilled and warped by the meal ND excessive grief that dulls and blunts memory. It dark direct the will and finally makes him guilty of sloth. The s Hamlet so unhappy over his mothers marriage, over the and his relations with Aphelia. He loved Aphelia intensely responsibility to his father intervened which brought his love Aphelia; forty thousand brothers coo of love, Make up my sum. He is disappointed with his mother and Aphelia because he is an idealist and expects too much from them. The symptoms of his melancholy manifest themselves further in his sudden break in the speech, But break, my heart, for I must hold my enough. We see a similar symptom in his repetition of words which is a common trick of style in Hamlet O God! O God File not , Oh flee, Thrift, thrift, Indeed, indeed, Nerdy like, very like. This style of repetition indicates that Hamlet cannot easily make up his mind because of melancholia. Disgusted with his mothers incestuous marriage, he begins to distrust Aphelia and ends by inveighing against the entire FAA sex, Frailty, thy name is woman. The second tragic hero is Othello. Othello is a tragedy of Jealousy. In the Renaissance, the term Jealousy was not one of the simple r elementary passion, but it is a derivative or compounded passion. Othello is not jealous by nature. It is forced upon him by the almost superhuman art of Sago. Othello character is admittedly noble and lovable. Sago knows that to destroy Othello love was an immensely formidable task. Sago, therefore, begins to practice upon his unsuspecting friendship at first by broken hints and dark insinuations. He reminds of the warning words of Abortion, She has deceived her father and may well deceive thee. Further, Sago emphasizes this point that Venetian women lack morals. The clever rogue remarks, Their best conscience is not to leave it undone, but keep it unknown. Othello Jealousy is different from the other Jealous character of literature. Othello is the very soul of honor. He is not a Jealous tyrant like Lentos He does not murder Desman out of mad Jealousy. He rather sacrifice her at the altar of Justice and chastity. He remarks: Enough I did in hate , but all in honor. Adhesions fall gives set-back to his high sense of chastity and honor. To him, honor lost is paradise lost. The third tragic art of Shakespeare is King Lear which is a tragedy of wrath in old age. Aristotle defines wrath as an impulse, accompanied by pain, to a conspicuous revenge for a conspicuous slight directed without justification towards what concerns oneself or towards what concerns ones friends. Thus, according to him, anger always rises from injured self-esteem, from some slight inflicted upon the individual directly or indirectly, there being three kinds of slighting possible I. E. Contempt, spite and insolence. Anger is folly; anger brings shame in its train. In the study of the passion of anger, Shakespeare has presented several problems. The first is the problem of old age. The feeble and the old are more subject to anger than are others. He is a man of passionate fiber and unrestrained temper wholly swayed in his old age two imperious instincts, that of personal domination and that of natural affection for his daughters. But his affection does not teach him self-enunciation; it is one of the forms of domination. His instincts posses him wholly. They wrap his Judgment of character and derive him to acts, the results of which he has not the imagination to envisage. Now, we can understand why he thinks of abdicating. He appeals from his daughters to the heaven. He is confident of the Justice of his cause. But the heavens prove as deaf to his call as either General or Reagan. In the end it is the wind and rain, rather than unkindness, that beat him into submission, and force him to acknowledge what a poor, bare, forked animal unaccommodating man is. Poetry and W. H. Auden EssayIt has the light step, far removed from the heavy trend of pre-Shakespearean blank verse, such as Saukville or Assignees, but it has little flexibility. The harmony of words elevates the mind to a sense of devotion, which is inarticulate poesy, does in churches. And by the lively images of piety, adorned by action, through the senses allure the soul: which it is charmed in a silent Joy of what it sees and hears, is struck at the same time with a secret veneration of things celestial, and is wound up insensibly into practice of that which it admires. In general scope, the heroic -r r -Iron -. 12 Ian C r t:. Y-fed, k z ma tragedies of Dryden is surprisingly like the general scope of the S drama, if we make allowances for the frequent happy ending which author, probably influenced by the structure of epic and heroic pop to his plays. In both we find an exciting plot paralleled by an inner there are given to the hero superhuman proportions, the dramas to a level above that of ordinary life. If the heroic tragedy, however development of earlier forms of tragic endeavourer; it is a develops excess. Dryness plays bear the same relation to those of Shapes gramophone record bears to the voice of a celebrated singer. The exaggerated and made harsh; there is the continual drone of inurn lack of delicacy and of subtlety pervades the whole. Unquestionable he sphere of true tragedy ; he had some conception of the genuine this type of drama; but his age would not permit him to work that correct forms. The consequence is that we can do little else now b humorously at the more apparent follies of the type. POETRY The Elizabethan age was an age of dreams of adventure, of u enthusiasm springing from the new lands of fabulous riches revere explores, although science was in fancy. Drake sails around the w mighty course which English colonizers shall follow through the c Drake, Furbisher, Gilbert, Raleigh, Willoughby, Hawkins a score of new earth to mens eyes, and instantly literature creates a new he reams and deeds increase side by side, and the dream is ever gar deed. That is the meaning of literature. Under the influence of HTH Spencer wrote a remarkable poem The Faerie Quean. The notation Quean consists of an endless series of pictorial stanzas, each SSL musical, with an optional allegorical significance which all readers time have preferred to ignore, is still common enough to require c surface of the epic consists, as Professor C. S. Lewis has well put it, stories of chivalrous adventure in a world of marvels, and it is HTH shares with the Italian epic. The background is an indeterminate odds, castles, dens, islands, and shores, deliberate dream-world watch the characters moves: (a) And forth they pass, with pleasure (b) So forth they passed, and all the way they spent Discoursing of her dreadful late distress. (c) So forth h befell, on foot,. (d) So forth they pass a well consorted pair, (e) So forth they rowed, and that Ferryman With his stiff oars did brush the sea so strong. (f) So as they can espy An armed knight toward them gallop fast, G) Thus as she her recommitted, she spied Where far away one all in armor bright With hasty gallop towards her did ride,.. We watch, as it were in a trance, as characters approach and re magic landscape. The very opening of the first canto of Book I strike observed adventure: A Gentle knight was pricking on the plain, Y-clad in mighty arms and silver shield, Wherein old dints of deep wounds did remain, many a bloody field; Yet arms till that time never did he wield. His angry steed did chide hi s foaming bit, As much disdaining to the curb to yield. Full Jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit, As one for knightly Jousts and fierce encounters fit. The cruel marks of Heroic poetry, we may conclude, was the most comprehension, the most serious, ND the most valuable expression of the Elizabethan mind. It worked out most fully the relationship between classical antiquity and modern life and in doing so made the revival of learning practical and functional. Its mode of expression was particularly satisfying to the Englishman of the sixteenth century because it reconciled imagination and conscience. Socially and morally Justified, it offered the greatest stimulus, the greatest possibility of scope and variety, to poets and readers. It promised fame to the doers of glorious deeds and to the writer who celebrated them. At the same time it served immediate moral and social ends. Spencer is the founder of poetic diction which he himself deliberately invented. It is not natural poetic diction because he deliberately made it archaic. He, in affecting the ancient, writ no language, says Ben Johnson. In other words, his dialect of any actual place or time, but it is an artificial poetic diction made up of Chaucer, archaic words, foreign words and other dialects. Thus it is an invented language which could not be read easily by his contemporaries. It is maintained by Spenders apologists that he adopted this peculiar poetic diction because there was no standard English in his days. So it was essential for him to invent poetic diction of his own. Really, his language suggested the distinctive tone and temper of such works as Mallory Mortem D Arthur. Spencer made the first experiment with the language in Shepherds Calendar. In an introductory episode, he remarks: In my opinion it is one special praise, of many which are dew to this poet, that he hath labouredly to restore, as to their rightful heritage, such good and natural English words, as have been long time out of use and almost cleaned disinherited. Professor Hereford has analyses the diction of The Shepherds calendar. He divides the unusual words into five classes : (1) those derived from Middle English Literature, (2) from dialects, (3) Elizabethan colloquialisms, (4) literary and learned words, (5) coinages of Spenders own. The words borrowed from earlier authors are often incorrectly used, e. G. , Hyde, went, is used for the infinitive go. In spite of all this, the experiments were necessary and useful. Watts and Surreys experiments had not been worthily followed. As we emerge from the golden age of Elizabethan poetry, we can distinguish two main treats, not indeed clearly separated at all points, but mingling and merging in a way which make precise definition difficult. On the one hand there is the Spenserian, with its emphasis on smooth versification and vivid, sparkling imagery. On the other hand there is a new tradition of fantastic verse, based on far-fetched images or conceits, as they were called , and an innovation in form the rhythm. The period of 1680-1745, the period to which pope (1688-1744) belonged, has been variously labeled in histories of literature as the the Period of English Neo- Classicism, Augustan Age or even as the Age of Pope. Alexander Pope was the supreme master of this age. The age of Pope started in the Restoration age. Since this highest refinement was consciously modeled on ancient Greek and Roman literature or on the rules deprived from it, the period is also called classical, neo- classical, or pseudo-classical depending on what the particular literary historian thinks of this age. The age of Restoration is also called classical or neo-classical. He learnt several languages and familiarized himself with the works of Homer, Virgil, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Spencer and Milton. Not only did he read these writers with read interest but even produced imitations of their verse and style. He talks about his ailments humorously, as for example, he does in his Epistle to DRP. Arbitrator: There are, who to my person pay their court: I cough like Horace, and, though lean, am short, Mammons great Son one shoulder had too high, Such Ovoids nose, and Sir! You have an Eye-? The age of Pope saw a rapid economic expansion in both the town and the countryside. Daniel Defoe in his Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain mentions some aspects of the economic progress of his country: The abundance of eater, the growing buildings and the new discoveries made in every part of the country. Several business organizations such as the Bank of England, shipping agencies, trading and insurance came into being. English trade flourished not only within the country but also in the distant colonies. The ingredients of Bellinis toilette, for example, are imported from several countries: Unnumbered treasures pope at once, and here The various offerings of the world appear; From each she nicely culls with curious toil, And decks the goddess with the glittering spoil. This casket Indians glowing gems unlocks, And all Arabia breathes from yonder box. (129-134) The struggle for power between the Whig and Tories, the nicknames for the two political parties which had evolved during the middle of the 17th century, tended to divide people along party lines so much so that Addison attacked the bipolar division of the English population in several essays. Added to these were the occasional electoral violence, political corruption, especially under Walpole, and the indifference and high-handedness of the Judges whom Pope satirized in The Rape of the Lock: The hungry Judges soon the sentence sign, And wretches hang that Jurymen may dine; (311-312) The term Nature had many connotations and it could mean several things simultaneously. As Humphreys point out : It might mean permanent truths underlying the individual varieties of man. , and obedience to reason and the search the order and harmony in life and art.